The Clever Apprentice

Many scholars have told the United States that we must win the hearts and the minds of the Muslim People and well in hindsight that was not such good advice now was it? Indeed when someone else is using fear tactics on their own people against you and similar fear tactics against you to protect themselves from their perceived view of your intentions, well obviously that cannot work

Most people fail to understand that unfortunately when cultures are so far apart they do not respect each other in human civilizations; therefore I am not interested in attempting to win the hearts and minds of the people. Because it is impossible when there is a culture clash, instead the next best thing, when love and peace cannot be achieved is to revert back to the easiest way to control peace, by fear. And thus being feared and respected is the second best choice and always a way to fall back when you find your self in a place where it is impossible to get along with people who hate you.

Perhaps we as Americans should stop trying to be so overly out reaching and ditch that notion and instead use the fall back methodology of being feared and respected. It would certainly be nice to be nice, but that is not working, people are dying and well, neither culture is moving forward. Consider all this in 2006.

“Lance Winslow” - Online Think Tank forum board. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; http://www.WorldThinkTank.net/wttbbs/

The Tau is a figure constructed of five lines and is considered an important emblem or badge in Royal Arch Masonry and was the symbol of the Knight Templars of St Anthony of Leith. Find out why….

Among my Masonic illustrations I have many definitions of the Tau. Some being that it means T.H. or Templum Hierosolyma, Temple of Jerusalem; or that it means a treasure, or a place were treasure is buried. The Tau is a figure constructed of five lines and is considered an important emblem or badge in Royal arch Masonry. There is also a triple cross like a T of the Egyptian, Roman, or English Alphabet.

What is the connection to Leith? This symbol was the symbol of the Knight Templars of St Anthony of Leith. Their Church, burying place with gardens were in St Anthony’s Wynd-an ally off the Kirkgate which no longer exists. Their Preceptory however lay in the area running from the Kirkgate Shopping Centre and Community Centre to Yardheads (Yard in Yardheads incidentally comes from Old High German Yarde meaning a Monastic garth or wall) and Henderson Gardens. Evidence for this comes from a Charter of King James VI which says All the Croft of Arable land contiguous to St Anthony’s garden, and also all that place and piece of ground whereon the Church and Preceptory of St Anthony of the Knights Templar stood”, which during the Siege of Leith bore the same name, in common with property I most parishes in Scotland which was held by the Knights Templar. Some houses in Edinburgh and Leith bore the Badge of the Order, a Tau Cross with the motto Lavs Deo” to show that they held the Superiority, but not, as is generally supposed indicating that they themselves occupied the premises.

Further evidence was found in the last century when gas mains were being installed in St Anthony Street and substantial amounts of human remains were discovered. What they had found was the graveyard of the Preceptory of St Anthony. This graveyard was quite substantial covering much of what is St Anthony and Great Junction Street to the Foot of Leith Walk. When the New Kirkgate shopping Centre was built further human remains were found.

The church or monastery was very large, approximately 325 feet in length from east to west. It appears to have had a double Nave similar to the Templar Church at Templecombe in England with a large central steeple. The evidence for this comes from two sources. First from sir Thomas Fisher in a letter to Somerset, Lord Protector of England, dated 11th October 1548 means a substantial Church in the area. Secondly, from the Siege of Leith when French Gunners mounted their cannon within the Tower. However. Within a few hours the Tower was demolished by English cannon fire.

At this stage it is important to clear up an important point. According to many writers Leith was a very poor place during the middle ages. This was not true. When Lord Somerset entered Leith during what was called the Rough Wooing in 1544 Leith was found to be extremely wealthy: just as wealthy as London if not more so. This wealth came from the export of Wool to the Low Countries after the English flattened Berwick in 1296 under Edward I. This lead to the development of Leith into the Principal Port of Scotland until the rise of Glasgow in the 18th century. The wool came from the Border Abbeys of Melrose and Kelso who along with Dunfermline owned most of Leith and all the land from Melrose and Kelso to the Forth. They paid no taxes to the exchequer. The Church grow rich and so did Leith. This explains how such a large Church as the Preceptory of St Anthony could have been built and why many famous people in Scottish History came here.

Leith Historian and Genealogist.Owner of http://www.lineages.co.uk and http://www.leithhistory.co.uk Married with two sons

The Duchess and the Jeweler is the story of the world’s greatest jeweler who had promised his mother to become the richest jeweler in the world in his childhood but now that his dream has materialized he does not feel satisfied. So trying to achieve satisfaction, knowingly he buys fake pearls from a Duchess in exchange for passing a whole weekend with her daughter whom he is in love with. The purpose of this essay is to show how Virginia Woolf has successfully presented the inner mind of the characters, their struggle and their communication through the least amount of verbal communication among them.

The silent communication created by Woolf’s “The Duchess and the Jeweler” is firstly the communication between the reader and the story and secondly the communication between the characters in the text themselves. In better words this story firstly reveals the mind of the characters to the reader through the least amount of explicit expression of their states and secondly presents the interaction among the characters of the story through the fewest possible dialogues among them.

The first stance in the unvoiced communication between the reader and the story is the revelation of the childhood memories of Oliver Bacon that takes place without the author’s giving voice to them. The very first acquaintance of the reader with Oliver’s childhood takes place when he addresses himself: “you who began life in the filthy little alley” and then falls in to his childhood memories. This very short statement of Oliver to himself is very expressive of his childhood and also of his attitude towards this period of his life. Through the author’s prior descriptions of the living place of Oliver, his servant and his habits it is revealed that Oliver Bacon is a very affluent man now while this short self-address reveals his childhood poverty. Also it is through his retrospections that the readers get aware that he has started with selling stolen dogs, continued with selling watches in a little counter, and finally has promoted to his present profession as a jeweler. So it is mostly through Oliver’s silent remembrances that the reader gets familiar with his early days. Also this little talk of Oliver to himself shows the reader that he has a pre-occupation with his childhood and all the efforts he has gone through in order to save all his money. Though he never mentions this, his constant retrospections show the importance that his childhood has for him. As an example when Oliver is in his room just before the entrance of the Duchess, he starts thinking of his boyhood passed in misery and hard times. This shows how Virginia Woolf cunningly, without explicit mentioning of Oliver’s pre-occupation with his childhood, interacts with the reader through the character’s retrospections and gives the reader the chance to get involved with the text. Therefore the mind of Oliver and also his general history is disclosed to the reader through the least number of spoken words of the character.

Woolf has also took the advantage of using imagery in order to disclose to the reader this state of dissatisfaction of Oliver through her language of signs and images as an alternative to the words. She resembles Oliver to a camel that is entrapped in the zoo, and is not satisfied with its life, because it can see “the blue lake and the fringe of palm trees in front of it.” In other words, Oliver wants more and more and in spite of all his gatherings he feels like a mere camel that is thirsty of the water it sees but is not able to reach it. Also the reader reads the Oliver’s loneliness and his need of a soul mate, when Oliver remembers the days when “mademoiselle used to pick one (red rose) every morning and stick it in his button-hole.” This picture gives the reader the understanding that Oliver is feeling the lack of an anima in his life; that there has been someone who probably Oliver had a sense of love for (image of red rose) and who has left Oliver due to his greed for money. This is confirmed later on by the text itself: “but mademoiselle had married Mr. Pedder of the local brewery- no one stuck roses in his buttonholes.” This sentence again confirms his loneliness and his need of a wife, though this is not mentioned directly by Oliver himself.

The revelation of the dominance of Oliver’s mother over his life and the fact that she has been dictating him all her life and is even now after her death dictating her, is understood through his constant remembrance of his mother in all his choice makings in his life though this is never mentioned directly in the story. He remembers his mother reprimanding him when he stole dogs as a child and when he buys the fake pearls from the duchess at the end of the story he asks the forgiveness of the old woman in the picture and again feels like a little boy. So these constant rememberings of his mother also imply to the reader his mother’s dominance over him even after her death though this is just understood and never stated.

The reader also gets aware of Oliver’s arrogance and pride, in his contacts with his workers though there hardly takes place a conversation with them; In the first contact of the workers with Oliver at his shop, there is no spoken communication; however through their “envying look” the reader understands their attitudes to Oliver and his indifference to them is revealed as the author says ” it was only with one finger of the amber-colored glove, waggling that he acknowledged their presence.” This unspoken interaction between them is to a large extent expressive of their attitude towards each other.

As mentioned earlier, this unspoken communication between the reader and the text takes place among the characters of the story as well. The very first silent communication among the characters occurs when Oliver as a youngster is passing through a group of jewelers discussing the price of gold and “one of them would lay a finger to the side of his nose and murmur, ‘hum-m-m,’ as he passed. It was no more than a murmur; no more than a nudge on the shoulder, a finger on the nose, a buzz that ran through the cluster of the jewelers…but still Oliver felt it purring down his spine, the nudge, the murmur that meant, ‘ look at him- young Oliver, the young jeweler- there he goes.” As the text says the slightest gestures of the jewelers has meant a lot of encouraging words to Oliver and he is still remembering that murmur among the jewelers.

The next stance of the non-voiced interaction among the characters is the communication between Oliver and the Duchess. At the visit of the Duchess to Oliver’s shop, the very colorful descriptions of the author of the Duchess, her dressing, her glittering jewels, her fragrance, her wave-like moving and her resemblance to a peacock in beauty and arrogance reveals much of her high status and the influence that she can have upon Oliver. However their communications is not restricted to a non-spoken conversation; a dialogue takes place between them, though this communication is through the least number of words. They speak but their use of words is very economical that makes their interaction the most efficient. An example of this brief interaction is fragmented words of the duchess when she wants to persuade Oliver to buy her fake pearls; she drops the pearls out of a bag: “‘From the Appleby cincture’ she moaned. ‘ the last…the last of them all’”. And she continuous justifying her desperateness:” Dear Mr. Bacon, a bit of bad luck…” and then she justifies her cause of coming as “‘that villain! That sharper’” that explains her objection to her husband. These brief, simple and seemingly fragmented conversations between the Duchess and the Jeweler depict very clearly their inner states and attitudes towards each other. We understand that both Oliver and the Duchess understand the meaning of this speechless communication. Also as soon as they shake hands they feel the enmity among them though they also sense the need they have to each other so they both take part in this game of deceiving and submitting to the deception. A clue of this is their play upon the phrase : “old friend” when the Duchess tries to soften Oliver by calling him “old friend” two times and Oliver who understands this what she means, repeats her phrase two more times. Their speechless communication continues up to the point that Oliver buys the fake pearls from the Duchess without questioning the Duchess.

In “The Duchess and the Jeweler” Virginia Woolf skillfully depicts the greatest amount of communication that takes place between the characters in the text in spite of their lack of verbal communication and also the deep understanding that the readers can get of the characters within the text though their emotions and states of mind is not expressed explicitly. She replaces the lengthy dialogues and direct descriptions of the states of the characters with brief but meaningful dialogues and use of images and entrance in to the mind of the characters and giving the reader the chance to read much of their present state and enough of their past lives needed to accomplish her story.

Literature basically is everything that has ever been written. Anything from the earliest poems of Homer, to today’s web pages, can be considered literature. But for a specific sense, there are various kinds of literature. Literature can be written in a specific language, like English Literature or be written by a specific culture, such as African Literature. But literature really means more than printed words and the internet certainly is a part of literature. I should note that the word literature comes from the French phrase belles-lettres, which means “beautiful writing”. When a piece of work is called literature, it is usually considered a great work of art. The internet literature does not necessarily have to be this way for the fact that no one controls the internet literature. In the following essay I am going to speak about the impact of the internet on literature of nowadays.

There are two main classes of literature which are also present on the internet: fiction and nonfiction. Fiction is writing that an author creates from the imagination. Authors may include personal experience, or facts about real people or events, but they combine these facts with imagined situations (Moran, 45). In non-internet literature the project undergoes at least some sort of censorship in terms of what words can be used, yet the internet allows the authors to put anything they desire on the web site and enjoy it. Most fiction is narrative writing, such as novels and short stories. Fiction also includes drama and poetry. Nonfiction is factual writing about real-life situations. The principal forms of nonfiction include the essay, biography, autobiography, and diary (Browner, 90). The internet presents a new formsinternet pages, or internet books.

People read literature for a variety of reasons. The most common reason for reading is pleasure. People read to pass the time, or for information and knowledge. Through literature, people meet characters they can identify with, and sometimes find solutions for their own problems. With literature, a person can often understand situations they could not otherwise understand in real life (Koehler, 28). Often, just the arrangement of the words can be enjoyable, just as a child likes the sound of “Ring Around the Rosie”, even though they might not understand what the words mean. There are four elements of literature: characters, plot, theme, and style. A good author has the ability to balance these elements, creating a unified work of art. The characters make up the central interest of many dramas and novels, as well as biographies and autobiographies. A writer must know each character thoroughly and have a clear idea about each ones look, speech, and thoughts. The internet literature is not difficult to create for the fact that unlike “traditional” literature the internet literature requires minimal start up costs (Moran, 47). And because reading usually involves convenience, at some point of time one would not be surprised to see convenient electronic devices that could be transported anywhere and would download books from the internet and present them in digital format.

Motivation is the reason for characters actions. A good writer will be sure that the motives of a character are clear and logical. The internet writers do not have to be this way, they are not controlled and they hardly risky anything by publishing online. Setting is where a character’s story takes place. The plot is built around a series of events that take place within a definite period. It is what happens to the characters. No rules exist for the order in which the events are presented. A unified plot has a beginning, middle, and an end. In literary terms, a unified plot includes an exposition, a rising action, a climax, and a denouement, or outcome. The exposition gives the background and situation of the story (Browner, 93). The rising action builds upon the exposition. It creates suspense, or a reader’s desire to find out what happens next. The climax is the highest point of interest, also a turning point of a story. The denouement is the conclusion. The theme is the basic idea expressed by a work of literature. It develops from the interplay of character and plot. A theme may contain morals, to warn the reader to lead a better life or a different kind of life. The internet literature does not have to be this way at all because no one controls it. The write take minimal risk in terms of investment, yet possibly can find readers from all over the world, which can pay for the e-book and download it to their own computers, is very high (Moran, 49).

A serious writer strives to make his work an honest expression of sentiment, or true emotion. They avoid sentimentality, which means giving too much emphasis to emotion or pretending to feel an emotion. A writer of honest emotion does not have to tell the reader what to think about a story. A good story will direct the reader to the author’s conclusion. Style is the way a writer uses words to create literature. It is difficult to enjoy a story’s characters or plot without enjoying the author’s style (Browner, 98). The style of an author is as important as what he is trying to say. Point of view, or the way a story is presented, is another part of style. A writer may tell a story in the first person, using the pronoun I, as though the narrator were a major or minor character in it. Or, the writer may use the third person method, in which the narrator stands apart from the characters and describes the action using such pronouns as he and she. There are two types of third person views: limited and omniscient. In the third person limited point of view, the narrator describes the events as seen by a single character. In the third person omniscient, or all knowing, point of view, the narrator reports on what several characters are thinking and feeling. Reading is an intently personal art. There are no final rules for judging a piece of writing. Often, people’s judgment of a work can change as taste and fashion change. Yet the classics continue to challenge readers’ imaginations and give ageless advice. Shakespeare will most likely be as popular a hundred years from now as he is today. That is power of literature. Literature is timeless (Moran, 53).

It should be noted that literature can have many and different values on a person and it is the internet that allows literary values to be delivered to the audience without any barriers. It is all depending on the story and the value or moral issue the author wants, you, the reader to get out of it. The value literature had on me was actually hard to put into words. But to understand the value of literature you must know the definition of value and literature. Value has many meanings but there is two that relate (Browner, 102). Worth in usefulness or importance to the possessor and a principle, standard, or quality considered worthwhile or desirable. Literature is a body of writings in prose or verse. Literature produces value because it is basically an analysis of an experience or situation (Koehler, 30). I got a different value out of each story. With Mark Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn it showed me that one does not have to be civilized or conform to the ideas of society to become cultured or mature. With Huck Finn he ran away from everything that was considered civilized (Moran, 58). He had nothing and really did not want anything. But at the same time he experienced and matured living dangerously. This made me value Huck’s adventure and take it as my own. Huck proves his maturity when he comments on how the king and duke dupe the villagers into believing that they are the dead man’s brothers, and Huck says, “I never see anything so disgusting.”(Twain 163) Even though the king and duke commit an awful act on the villagers he still feels sorry for them when they get tarred. Huck comments, “Human beings can be awful cruel to one another.”(Twain 225) In William Faulkner’s Barn Burning it told of a man named Abner Snopes who burned barns when upset or mad. This was his way of getting back at them. “Barn Burning” has two very evident struggles (Browner, 105). Abner oppresses his family just as the upper class has oppressed him. “Barn Burning” to me is based on misdirected anger. Which is basically happening in these days. For example, a teenager and his parents have it out, he leaves, and now his anger is directed toward anything in his pathway. “Barn Burning” has a value in that it shows in life that people actually misdirect their anger. Such as in the school shootings and bomb threats that have occurred in the past couple of years (Koehler, 33). Just like Abner Snopes felt like an outsider to the upper class, so did the students who committed these violent acts. In “The Swimmer”, it made me value life and what it brings. Because if your not careful or you do not watch out it will past you up without notice (Browner, 109). As with “Everyday Use”, one of the daughters did not value who she was or whom she was because she was going out looking for her history. Which she already had at her fingertips.

Conclusion:

In conclusion I would like to note that reading all of the literature which colleges and universities assign to their students involves very high costs to the society in terms of paper consumption and time wasting (that involves going to the library, or to the book shop, etc). The internet and the ability to download the books from online to one portable device would reduce the costs, save the trees, and will make people more efficient. I realize that there are a lot of things that we as people in this society take for granted. Literature has made me value a lot of experiences and situations so far and I enjoy holding the paper book in the evening preparing for the next day, yet I do not protest against the use of the digital technology to create digital books that would contribute not only to the efficiency but also to the reduced costs to the whole society.

Holly Odom is a freelance writer working for essaymart.com - on line Custom Writing/Research company. She specializes in Social sciences, Arts, History and English literature. During 2005, earned became one of 10 best writers at essaymart.com.

When seen from above the Great Wall of China looks like a dragon zigzagging over mountain tops. The Chinese call it “Wan Li Chang Cheng” which means “Wall of 10,000 Li”. (10,000 li= 5,000 km)

Actually, the Great Wall is 7,200 km long. Height wise, it is 4.5m to 9m. Depth wise, it is 4.5m to 8m. The entire structure was built by hand using stone, bricks, soil, sand, straw, wood, clay or whatever was available depending on the terrain.

Three main Chinese dynasties — the Qin (B.C 221-207), Han (B.C 206- A.D 220) and Ming (A.D 1368-1644) — built the Great Wall of China. All had one purpose — to keep out the “barbaric” Huns in the north who frequently invaded Chinese border areas. In all, tens of millions of people labored on the Great Wall. Many died.

Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of China, is credited with kicking off this massive project 2,200 years ago. By connecting old sections with newly built ones, the Qin Dynasty erected 4,800km of wall in 10 years - more than one km a day!

After the Qin, the Han Dynasty extended the Great Wall through the Gobi Desert. Watchtowers were added to the walls. Smoke spirals produced by burning wood and straw mixed with wolf dung functioned as an alarm system. One smoke column meant a force of 100 men was attacking; two columns signaled that more than 500 men were approaching, and so on.

The Great Wall of China we know today was built by the Ming Dynasty 600 years ago. By then the ancient wall was in ruins. The Ming rulers rebuilt most of it over a period of 200 years. That the wall is still in good condition today is due to an invention of that era, the adding of rice flour to make super strong bricks and mortar!

Kah Joon Liow is the author of the children’s book “A Musical Journey: From the Great Wall of China to the Water Towns of Jiangnan”. This book allows children to experience China’s diverse land and people through interesting facts, beautiful drawings and delightful music. You can read chapters of the book and listen to the music at Living Chinese Symbols.

This morning I popped out of bed as I do every Sunday morning and stuck a cake in the oven. If I were to forget to do this I would be in deep trouble with my thirteen (13) Idaho grandchildren.

While the cake was baking I got into my Sunday clothes for church. My wife and I piled into the pickup (It’s a small Nissan so the locals here call it a “toy.”), scrapped the first ice of the year off the windshield, and drove the 300 yards (276.923 meters) to the church.

The parking lot was empty on the north side of the church but I could see that the cars of church leaders were on the south side parking lot. There could be only one explanation. We were on Daylight Saving Time!

You must remember that we are of the civilized fraction of this country. There is no such thing as Daylight Savings Time in Arizona. The Apaches just won’t allow it. But during the night at exactly 2:00 a.m. it poked its ugly head into Idaho and we were had. You would think there would be some consideration for senior citizens, wouldn’t you?

Well, it’s Frederick Wilhelm Viktor Albert of Hohenzollern: Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany’s fault. I read about the Kaiser at: http://www.worldwar1.com/biokais.htm. The first thing I learned was that he was not of “good stock.” Czar Nicholas II was his cousin. Hmmnnn! Queen Victoria was his grandmother and he had plenty of English kings and queens as uncles, aunts, and cousins too. So he could not be trusted.

Clowning around got Wilhelm into World War II. He was playing soldier all the time. I quote the website: “He loved his numerous uniforms and surrounding himself with the elite of German military society.”

He built up a fine army and navy, but he never planned to use this military might. It was the “irrational exuberance” of Austria-Hungary that he failed to control.

He got about a zillion people killed or maimed in World War I. But his main crime of course was enforcing the idea of Daylight Saving Time.

It was a contagious disease too. President Roosevelt called it “War Time” and never turned it off. But it had already spread across the uncivilized world before that.

May I again quote our reference: “Other countries immediately adopted this 1916 action: Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Turkey, and Tasmania. Nova Scotia and Manitoba adopted it as well, with Britain following suit three weeks later, on May 21, 1916. In 1917, Australia and Newfoundland began saving daylight.”

Who would have thought that of Luxembourg? I stayed there one night and they put me up in the Royal Suite. Such nice folks!

At the time the city-state of Luxembourg was being bombed by a fanatic who may have had royal credentials. I saw the Olympic pool he had bombed. What a mess! I’m sure it was a great-grandson or great-grandnephew of Wilhelm Viktor Albert of Hohenzollern: Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany.

Anyway the bombing stopped and I heard that maybe someone in officialdom said, “You’ve got to stop that!” Actually, I think that the bomber went to Afghanistan to join Osama Bin Laden.

Oh, look at that clock!

We’ve got to be off to churchagain!

copyright©John T. Jones, Ph.D. 2005

John T. Jones, Ph.D. (tjbooks@hotmail.com)is a retired R&D engineer and VP of a Fortune 500 company. He is author of detective & western novels, nonfiction (business, scientific, engineering), poetry, etc. Former editor of international trade magazine.

More info: http://www.tjbooks.com

Business web site: http://www.bookfindhelp.com (wealth-success books / flagpoles)

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Antispyware does even greater job by identifying a whole lot of potential threats and cleaning the infections. Whenever you’re online, antispyware is on alert, ready to fight the spying tools. Spyware, unlike virus, acts behind the scene, often without causing any suspicion on part of a PC user. This kind of malware usually collects private data, reports it to home server, and creates the profile of your browsing activities. If you ever see unexpected pop-ups on desktop (when no browser is launched) or suspicious Windows messages, rest assured your PC is heavily infected by spyware. Most probably right now, when you’re reading this, there’s some nasty file inside your Windows system doing its job. Alerts are critical so that if someone else uses Bill’s computer and loads spyware/malware you find out immediately.

More and more parents realize they shouldn’t impose any direct control over their child’s online activity thus trying to find out what their children are doing online. This task finds an easy solution in special keylogger software. Such software monitors computer activity and saves the report in special files so that the parents can later check it out and make conclusions. Keyloggers usually show what applications were used on the controlled computer, what sites a child visited and what he actually wrote to his online pals. There are enhanced search and sorting options, so any suspicious activity can be easily traced. Data loggers, key loggers and Amplus Stealth Keylogger are just a few vices which harvest info from your computer. 73. That is why every computer owner who’s worried about Amplus Stealth Keylogger needs Winclear.

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Chhou Naach (Chhou Dance):

There are very little documentations available on traditional art, craft and culture of tribal of Jharkhand, India. This article provides an overview of one of the most exciting tribal dance “Chhou Naach” which is yet to be explored completely. However, state government of Jharkhand, India organizes various cultural events in the state but Chhou dance is very rarely done. This is not because people performing Chhou dance are
conservative, but because of lack of knowledge or lack of promotion of this traditional dance form. This article is a little effort for the promotion of Traditional Tribal Culture.

Locality:

Chhou dance is found in the tribal areas of Jharkhand and some parts of Chattisgarh and Orissa states of India. There are no specific evidences available which describe the actual history behind Chhou dance. Hence, it is assumed that Chhou dance is one of the advanced dance form of traditional tribal dance which has developed gradually during the course of interactions with other neighboring cultures.

Introduction:

“Chhou Naach” is a dance mostly done in open field and in the night. The dance arena is generally surrounded by fire poles called mashaal for lighting purpose. However, due to the urbanization in some parts, fire poles have been replaced by electrical lights. The artists go for a bath and puja before performing this dance as the characters they play are of gods. The Chhou dancers use big size colourful decorative masks. These masks are made of paper mache’, light wood and paper. Chhou naach is a tribal form of “nritya natika” (Dance Drama) where various characters with Chhou masks play mythological characters. Most of these plays are based on “Mahabharat” and “Ramayan”. This mythological touch in Chhou dance makes it very spiritual and respectful. The characters of Chhou dance wear traditions ornaments and dance with weapons. Their cloths
are very colourful. Chhou dance should NOT be misunderstood with other folk dances of India like Kuchipudi etc. Chhou dance involves lots of gymnastic actions in the dance sequences and most of the characters are very aggressive in nature. This dance drama is supported by traditions nagada(Drums) and flute as background sound and rhythm of dance action varies with the modulations of drum beats. The audience enjoying Chhou Naach feels increase in their heart beats.

Unlike other tribal dances, direct contribution from women in Chhou dance is not visible. This also makes Chhou dance different from other folk dances of tribes.

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ZORRO:Timon of Athens. But most often they wrote in code or refused to write at all. They actually taught through techniques and disciplines which made people truly know what can be and how to become adept as individuated parts of the collective or ‘nous’.

Michael Rivero has a few words to ponder - “Many people prefer to believe their leaders are just and fair even in the face of evidence to the contrary, because once a citizen acknowledges that the government is lying and corrupt, the citizen has to choose what he or she will do about it. To take action in the face of a corrupt government entails risks of harm to life and loved ones. To choose to do nothing is to surrender one’s self-image of standing for principles. Most people do not have the courage to face that choice. Hence, most propaganda is not designed to fool the critical thinker but only to give moral cowards an excuse not to think at all.”

Poetry and music have an integrative force that appeals to the people who are tired of all the perambulations that intellectual hegemonies employ. They let their music function to inspire the masses more than write large tomes and argue linear-logical epistemological or other fine points that seldom lead to real change. There are many different learning styles and neurological constructs that are not enabled in the present social programming that takes place in school. I dare say the creative and spatial thinking populace will be well represented in the counter-cultural groups like Goths and Hippies.

Author of Diverse Druids, Columnist for The ES Press Magazine, Guest writer at World-Mysteries.com